HISTORICAL Sociology has provided a peculiar potential for the explanation of social phenomena and social problems by joining history and sociology together. As a kind of HISTORICAL sociology, "history of the present" deals with "the present situation". This paper attends to the relationship between social knowledge and history, and by applying the theoretical model of structuration, reads the present situation, a reading which bestows a constitutive role to the ' DIALECTICS of Modernity' for the contemporary Iranian Society.

Akbar the Great's reforms at the end of the 16th century in India is an important issue. These reforms were opposed by Muslim religious scholars. During Aurangzeb's reign, these oppositions led to the dominance of conservative scholars against Akbar's religious reforms. The consequence of this situation was the emergence of signs of degeneration among the Muslim communities of India. It was in such a situation that Shah Valiullah Dehlavi, in order to discover the causes of degeneration, started a modernist approach to the Islamic tradition by looking from within the religious texts. This research aims to investigate the impact of Akbar Shah Gorkani's reforms on the religious innovation of Valiullah Dehlavi by using the HISTORICAL research method and the application of Hegel's dialectic theory, relying on HISTORICAL sources and the works of Wali Allah. The findings of the research show that Akbar Shah's reforms can be explained as a thesis, Muslim scholars' opposition to it as an antithesis, and finally Wali Allah's modernization can be explained as a synthesis.

The relationship between HISTORICAL Sociology (HS) and International Relations (IR) is one of the relatively new fields of study, which has attracted the attention of researchers and activists of both fields during the last few decades. In other words, the impact of the international environment on internal developments is the basis for the emergence of this field of study with general titles such as International HISTORICAL Sociology (IHS) or HISTORICAL Sociology of International Relations (HSIR) during the first years or decade of the current century. The theoretical research on the book “Global HISTORICAL Sociology” (GHS), raises the question of whether it is possible to know global HISTORICAL sociology as a conjuncture point between the mentioned fields of study. The authors of the book criticized this tenet as a transdisciplinary branch that includes three areas: World Sociology, HISTORICAL Sociology, and World History. The studies carried out show that ambiguity in the possibility of methodological integration of the fields of sociology and history on the one hand and neglecting the position of the state in global transformations or its overlapping with the newly emerging field of Global Studies causes the current deficiencies in the content and methodological coherence of the book. However, the mentioned attitude can be more carefully considered and developed in the future. In this article, it will be tried to express the strengths and weaknesses of this work with a critical view.

Based on grounded theory, the present paper aims to answer the question that, "How do the binary transsexual people understand and experience their gender identity?". For this purpose, 30 in-depth interviews were conducted based on theoretical sampling and in accordance with the logic of theoretical saturation.“Excluded identification” is the main category which has been abstracted from the four major categories Which are “confused identity”,“suspended identity”,”imperfect identity”,and “developed identity”. These four identities are output from three different stages of their lives. The first stage involves a period in which they are unaware of their transgender gender identity. The second stage covers the interval between awareness of gender identity and gender affirming surgery, and the last stage is related to the postoperative period.Findings show through identification dialectic of inside and outside, In the stage of confusion and suspension, excluding encounter from others(outside) forms the dominant side of this dialectic. Attempts to eliminate the trace of being a trans in imperfect identity also reproduce the binary structure and discourse that exclude and does not accept them. It seems that it is only in the developed identity that one's agency, the inner side of this dialectic, is given the opportunity to resist the dominant binary excluding structure, identify herself or himself beyond gender and even reciprocally do not accept the ruling discourse and exclude it through the non binary discourse.

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and HISTORICAL research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

Saudi Arabia's foreign policy against the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) as the dependent variable is affected by the factors and elements of domestic level and also by the factors and elements of macro structural level as independent variables. Meanwhile, the present study aims at clarifying the DIALECTICS of structural factors (regional-international developments) and those at agent level (Saudi Arabia's domestic developments) in shaping the Saudi Arabia's foreign policy against Iran. The present study, by means of structure-agent approach, seeks to explore the roots of shaping Saudi Arabia's aggressive foreign policy against the IRI in the interval of 2011-2013 and the concerned signals and proofs of the Saudi behavior as a question. The outcome of the present study suggests that the developments at the macro-structural level such as the international anarchy, the change of US strategy as a superpower, change in the order and balance between and among the regional powers after the Arabian uprisings of 2011 along with change at Saudi agent level, i. e. the rise of Mohammad bin Salman's team as the offensive elites, led to the shaping of Saudi Arabia's aggressive foreign policy against Iran in 2011-2018. Admittedly, these developments at the macro-structural level along with the domestic ones in Saudi Arabia resulted in shaping Saudi’ s aggressive behavior against Iran in a bilateral dialectical equation. In the same vein, the proofs of this behavior against Iran at the two levels of structure and agent include the creation of military-security coalition, establishment of amicable relations with Israel, exertion of institutional pressures, economic war, media-propaganda war and endeavor to exacerbate Iran's home unrests.

The “new art history” is a radical, critical and social interdisciplinary academic field which refers to HISTORICAL, social, political and institutional “context-based” approaches formed in contrast with the idea of “art for art’s sake” and 20th century formalism (1875-1968). Formalism itself was born in opposition to Romanticism, and rejected the emphasis on content and context. It led at last to another aesthetic revolution which was a result of liberation from aesthetic despotism. The “new art history “ arose in 1968 within those notions of “art for society” developed, however in an unfinished and therefore unnoticed form, in the early 20th century by thinkers such as Arnold Hauser. The “new art history” followed their path because a tendency for replacing art in political and social contexts, in post-cultural studies such as post-Marxist, post-feminist, post-colonialist and analytical psychological theories, was indeed motivated by the idea of “Zeitgeist”. The methodology of the present study is based upon analysis, interpretation and evaluation of certain ideas, approaches and theories under the same titleas well as a new comparative/ analytical point-of-view based on Hegel’s dialectic interpretation. Also adifferent comparison will be made between two important HISTORICAL periods, in case of contrasting with thesis or Formalism of 20th century and antithesis or considering content or context-based approaches in the 21st century, making a new synthesis of content and form in the contemporary world. The present study aims to prove manifestation of HISTORICAL self-awareness of artists (philosophers, historians and critics) and entering into history domain (from comparative points of view which here is paying attention to social aspects of art) resulted from awareness; in position of knowledge and wisely determination appearing through a HISTORICAL process with passing from deliberately experience way (based upon thought and not merely sense and form). In this way, a HISTORICAL fate leads to a HISTORICAL change in arts.

Nima’s literary theory as an independent style attracted many followers. Akhavan Sales is one of those poets who follow Nima in form and social and political content of his poems. “Zemestan” is an important poem which is successful in imitating Nima’s literary theory with regards to formalistic features. The structure of the poem alongside its shocking theme fascinates the readers. One wonders about the huge success of “Zemestan”. What is the mystery which does not seem to exist in other poems of Akhavan? It seems that the success does not lie in the common theme but in the form and techniques embedded in its structure. Such elements as “realism and speculation”, “association of sense and emotion”, “dialectic of rejection with acceptance”, “orchestration”, “equilibrium and symmetry” and “creative ending” are more important in the accomplished process of this poem. This paper tries to discover the less familiar details of “Zemestan” in order to understand the mystery of its success.